A brief historical overview of Macedonia
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Ancient Macedonia, the land of Philip and Alexander, stretched on the north along the lines drawn between Ohrid - Prilep (Pelagonia), followed the flow of Crna Reka to Demir Kapija to the Mt. Orvylos (Macedonian Paeonia), to Mt. Rhodopi following the flow of River Nestos to the Aegean Sea.
The original Macedonians, the Macedonian Greeks arrived in the area around 2000 BC and they were descendants of the Heracleides. As such the ancient Macedonians were part of a larger and the last group of Greeks, which reached the area of present day Kastoria (Orestis) along with the Dorians, Acarnanians and Aetolians around 2000 BC. Herodotus, the father of history, very carefully describes the 800- year wanderings of that large group, which eventually split into three smaller groups. Just after the Trojan War, the first group under the leadership of Dorus inhabited Peloponnesus and the second group, the Acarnanians and Aetolians, went south. The third group marched east and by pushing the Phrygians, established the Kingdom of Macedonia on a loop of the River Aliakmon. The first king of Macedonia was Karanos who reigned between 813 and 786 BC.
The first capital of Macedonia was Aiges but later King Archellaus (413-399 BC) moved the capital to Pella, which had direct access to the sea by way of the river Lydias (though the bay has silted up for many centuries).During the time of King Philip II, 359-336 BC, Macedonia became one of the great powers of Europe. King Philip II was successful in uniting the Greek city-states under a Pan-Hellenic Union, which was essentially the Greek nation, as we know it today. Philip II in 337 BC and his son Alexander in 335 BC were chosen as the Commanding Generals of all Greeks except the Spartans in the Council of Corinth. Alexander III, also known as Alexander the Great, 336-323 BC, while the Commander General of all Greeks conquered most of the known world of his time, spreading the Greek language and tradition in the lands he conquered. The Greek Macedonian Empire was preserved by the descendents of Alexander until 168 BC, when the Romans conquered all the territories. Even then, however, the Greek language and culture continued to be the predominant influence.
During the Roman Conquest, which continued into the Byzantine Era - a period of about one thousand years - that Roman territory with Constantinople as its capital and Thessaloniki as a cultural and commercial center of the Empire, remained fully Greek. Furthermore during Justinian's time it adopted the Greek language as the formal and official language of the Byzantine State.
Macedonia was invaded several times from the north from the third to the fourteenth centuries AD As a result of these invasions, the Bulgarians established in the summer of 681 AD and by the treaty of 716 they were awarded the territory between Mt. Haemus and the River Danube. That area until that time was a province of the Byzantine Empire. A tremendous attempt to gain Hellenic territories took place at the end of the 10th century AD by the Bulgarian king Samuil, who after he occupied territories reaching South Greece, his army was chased and badly annihilated at Kleidion (Belasica), close to Strumica on July 29, 1014. For his cruelty the conqueror, Emperor Basil II of the Macedonian Dynasty, was given the infamous name, "the Bulgar-slayer." The Serbs grew to become a power and attempted periodic invasions since their appearance in the southern Balkans, in the ninth century. It was during this time that the Ottoman Empire was organized and by the fifteenth century, Thessaloniki (1430) and Constantinople (1453) followed the rest of the Balkans and Asia Minor by falling in the hands of the Turks.
During the Turkish Occupation, Macedonia preserved its Greek identity, in perpetuity, through Greek language, religion and culture. Greek schools were allowed to open and function in Thessaloniki, Kozani, Siatista, Naoussa, Veroia and Serres, as was the case in the rest of Greece. When the Turkish rule made this impossible, schools functioned secretly in the churches. In 1904 a systematic guerrilla effort on the part of the Macedonians with considerable ammunition and troops from the free Greeks started the Macedonian Struggle, which ended in 1908 with the “Young Turk” movement in Turkey. Many glorious figures emerged from the Macedonian Struggle, among them Pavlos Melas (a.k.a. by the klepht name of Mikis Zesas), Germanos Karavangelis, Ion Dragoumis, Kotas, Lambros Koromilas, Constantine Mazarakis, Telos Agras, etc.
The eventual union with free Greece saved Macedonia from falling in the hands of the Slavs during the Balkan Wars (1912-13).
The struggle against the Ottoman occupant began in 1821 in southern Greece and that part of the Greek world was finally liberated in 1832. During the Balkan Wars of 1912-13, Greece liberated its province of Macedonia, as well as other Greek regions from the Ottoman rulers. Ambassador Morgenthau, in his book I Was Sent to Athens, mentions: "The Greek Independence, which came to a successful conclusion in 1832, affected less than one half of the Greeks in the Turkish Empire. It did not bring freedom to the Greeks of Macedonia and Thrace, of Crete and the Aegean islands…" Presently, Hellas retains friendly relations with all its neighboring countries.
The original Macedonians, the Macedonian Greeks arrived in the area around 2000 BC and they were descendants of the Heracleides. As such the ancient Macedonians were part of a larger and the last group of Greeks, which reached the area of present day Kastoria (Orestis) along with the Dorians, Acarnanians and Aetolians around 2000 BC. Herodotus, the father of history, very carefully describes the 800- year wanderings of that large group, which eventually split into three smaller groups. Just after the Trojan War, the first group under the leadership of Dorus inhabited Peloponnesus and the second group, the Acarnanians and Aetolians, went south. The third group marched east and by pushing the Phrygians, established the Kingdom of Macedonia on a loop of the River Aliakmon. The first king of Macedonia was Karanos who reigned between 813 and 786 BC.
The first capital of Macedonia was Aiges but later King Archellaus (413-399 BC) moved the capital to Pella, which had direct access to the sea by way of the river Lydias (though the bay has silted up for many centuries).During the time of King Philip II, 359-336 BC, Macedonia became one of the great powers of Europe. King Philip II was successful in uniting the Greek city-states under a Pan-Hellenic Union, which was essentially the Greek nation, as we know it today. Philip II in 337 BC and his son Alexander in 335 BC were chosen as the Commanding Generals of all Greeks except the Spartans in the Council of Corinth. Alexander III, also known as Alexander the Great, 336-323 BC, while the Commander General of all Greeks conquered most of the known world of his time, spreading the Greek language and tradition in the lands he conquered. The Greek Macedonian Empire was preserved by the descendents of Alexander until 168 BC, when the Romans conquered all the territories. Even then, however, the Greek language and culture continued to be the predominant influence.
During the Roman Conquest, which continued into the Byzantine Era - a period of about one thousand years - that Roman territory with Constantinople as its capital and Thessaloniki as a cultural and commercial center of the Empire, remained fully Greek. Furthermore during Justinian's time it adopted the Greek language as the formal and official language of the Byzantine State.
Macedonia was invaded several times from the north from the third to the fourteenth centuries AD As a result of these invasions, the Bulgarians established in the summer of 681 AD and by the treaty of 716 they were awarded the territory between Mt. Haemus and the River Danube. That area until that time was a province of the Byzantine Empire. A tremendous attempt to gain Hellenic territories took place at the end of the 10th century AD by the Bulgarian king Samuil, who after he occupied territories reaching South Greece, his army was chased and badly annihilated at Kleidion (Belasica), close to Strumica on July 29, 1014. For his cruelty the conqueror, Emperor Basil II of the Macedonian Dynasty, was given the infamous name, "the Bulgar-slayer." The Serbs grew to become a power and attempted periodic invasions since their appearance in the southern Balkans, in the ninth century. It was during this time that the Ottoman Empire was organized and by the fifteenth century, Thessaloniki (1430) and Constantinople (1453) followed the rest of the Balkans and Asia Minor by falling in the hands of the Turks.
During the Turkish Occupation, Macedonia preserved its Greek identity, in perpetuity, through Greek language, religion and culture. Greek schools were allowed to open and function in Thessaloniki, Kozani, Siatista, Naoussa, Veroia and Serres, as was the case in the rest of Greece. When the Turkish rule made this impossible, schools functioned secretly in the churches. In 1904 a systematic guerrilla effort on the part of the Macedonians with considerable ammunition and troops from the free Greeks started the Macedonian Struggle, which ended in 1908 with the “Young Turk” movement in Turkey. Many glorious figures emerged from the Macedonian Struggle, among them Pavlos Melas (a.k.a. by the klepht name of Mikis Zesas), Germanos Karavangelis, Ion Dragoumis, Kotas, Lambros Koromilas, Constantine Mazarakis, Telos Agras, etc.
The eventual union with free Greece saved Macedonia from falling in the hands of the Slavs during the Balkan Wars (1912-13).
The struggle against the Ottoman occupant began in 1821 in southern Greece and that part of the Greek world was finally liberated in 1832. During the Balkan Wars of 1912-13, Greece liberated its province of Macedonia, as well as other Greek regions from the Ottoman rulers. Ambassador Morgenthau, in his book I Was Sent to Athens, mentions: "The Greek Independence, which came to a successful conclusion in 1832, affected less than one half of the Greeks in the Turkish Empire. It did not bring freedom to the Greeks of Macedonia and Thrace, of Crete and the Aegean islands…" Presently, Hellas retains friendly relations with all its neighboring countries.
